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nursing_models [2023/01/22 16:16] – [Neuman's Systems Model] tomnursing_models [2026/10/07 11:34] (current) – Correct Pender/Newman/Neuman and Levine attributions and model concepts; distinguish proposed IEMT applications. andrewtaustin
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-IEMT Practitioners are encouraged to investigate and learn the different nursing models[(Nursingtheory>Nursing theory[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nursing_theory|Wikipedia]])] +====== Additional Nursing Models ======
-[(NursingTheories>Nursing Theories & Models[[https://nursing-theory.org/theories-and-models/|nursing-theory.org]])][(Nursing_theories>Nursing theories - open access articles on Nursing theories and models[[https://currentnursing.com/nursing_theory/|currentnursing.com]])] in order to better understand how to systematize their work with their clients. +
  
-Nursing models have been tried and tested, updated, and adjusted by countless healthcare professionals over many decades and as such have taken on an archetypal quality. Many of the learnings and practicalities within the model's implementation can be readily applied to other healthcare disciplines of practice.+Nursing models offer different ways to organise questions about people, health, environment and professional care. They are not interchangeable, and borrowing a concept does not establish that an intervention is effective. Their use here is as background for thinking about practice alongside [[adapt|Callista Roy's Adaptation Model]].
  
-======Additional Nursing Models======+The practice questions below are **suggested applications for this wiki**. They are not presented as the theorists' endorsements of IEMT, as validated IEMT assessments, or as permission to undertake nursing activities without the relevant qualifications.
  
-  * Newman's Health Promotion Model +===== Pender's Health Promotion Model =====
-  * Benner's Novice to Expert Model +
-  * Neuman's Systems Model +
-  * Levine's Conservation Model +
-  * Roger's Science of Unitary Human Beings +
-  * Johnson's Behavioral System Model +
-  * Parse's Human Becoming Theory +
-  * Orlando's Patient-centered Nursing Theory+
  
-=====Newman's Health Promotion Model (NHPM)=====+**Nola J. Pender** developed the Health Promotion Model. It examines health-promoting behaviour through prior experience, personal factors, perceived benefits and barriers, self-efficacy, interpersonal and situational influences, and commitment to action. Her [[https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/85350/HEALTH_PROMOTION_MANUAL_Rev_5-2011.pdf|2011 Health Promotion Model manual]] is an author-produced guide.
  
-Newman's Health Promotion Model (NHPM)[(NHPM>Health as Expanding Consciousness[[https://nursing-theory.org/theories-and-models/newman-health-as-expanding-consciousness.php|nursing-theory.org]])][(Newman>Health as expanding consciousness: a nursing perspective for grounded theory research [[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21742707/|DOI: 10.1177/0894318411409428]])] is a nursing theory that was developed by Martha E. Rogers[(Martha_E._Rogers>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha_E._Rogers[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha_E._Rogers|Wikipedia]])] +**Practice question:** What change does the person want to make, what makes it worthwhile, and what could help or obstruct the next step? Agree an achievable action and review what happened.
- in the late 1970s and early 1980s. The model focuses on promoting health and preventing illness by addressing the individual's unique needs and characteristics.+
  
-The NHPM is based on the idea that health is not just the absence of disease, but rather a positive state of well-being. It posits that individuals have an innate drive towards health and that nurses can facilitate this process by identifying and addressing the unique health needs of each person.+===== Newman's Health as Expanding Consciousness =====
  
-The model includes four key components: +**Margaret A. Newman** developed Health as Expanding Consciousness, a different theory from Pender's. It emphasises patterns in a person's life and relationships and the possibility of meaning and development within the whole experience of health and illness. The [[https://webprod8.uthsc.edu/nursing/community-partnerships/nursingtheorycenter.php|Margaret A. Newman Center for Nursing Theory at UTHSC]] describes its focus; an [[https://dc.uthsc.edu/man_audio/11|archived presentation by Newman]] provides her own account.
  
-  - the individual  +**Practice question:** What patterns and relationships does the person recognise in their experience? Let the person's account guide exploration, rather than imposing a theory of what their illness must mean.
-  - the environment +
-  - health +
-  - nursing  +
- +
-The individual is seen as a unique being with unique health needs and characteristics. The environment includes the physical, social, and cultural factors that affect the individual's health. Health is defined as a positive state of well-being, and nursing is seen as a process of facilitating the individual's innate drive toward health. +
- +
-In practice, the NHPM can be used to guide the development of nursing interventions and health promotion programs. The model emphasizes the importance of understanding the individual's unique needs, characteristics, and values in order to create a personalized plan of care. +
- +
-The NHPM has been widely used and applied in a variety of settings, including hospitals, primary care, community health, and long-term care. It is considered a holistic, person-centered model that promotes health and well-being.+
  
 ===== Benner's Novice to Expert Model ===== ===== Benner's Novice to Expert Model =====
  
-Benner's Novice to Expert Model[(Benner>Dr. Patricia Benner From Novice to Expert[[https://nursing-theory.org/theories-and-models/from-novice-to-expert.php|nursing-theory.org]])] [( :harvard:Benner1984>> +**Patricia Benner** describes the development of professional expertise through five levels: novice, advanced beginner, competent, proficient and expert. The model concerns situated skill and clinical judgement, not merely elapsed time or the accumulation of certificates. See her original [[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6917683/|1982 article, From Novice to Expert]].
-authors   : Patricia Benner +
-title     : From Novice to Expert: Excellence and Power in Clinical Nursing Practice +
-publisher : Prentice Hall; Cmv edition +
-published : 1984 +
-isbn      : 020100299X +
-url       : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/020100299X +
-)][(Benner1984archive>From novice to expert : excellence and power in clinical nursing practice by Benner, Patricia - Full book [[https://archive.org/details/fromnovicetoexpe0000benn|archive.org]])] +
-, also known as the Novice to Expert theory, is a nursing theory developed by Patricia Benner in the early 1980s. The theory describes the process of how nurses develop and acquire knowledge and skills throughout their careers, from novice to expert. +
- +
-The model is based on the idea that nursing practice is a dynamic process and that nurses' knowledge and skills develop over time through various stages of experience.  +
- +
-Benner identifies five stages of nursing practice:  +
- +
-  - novice +
-  - advanced beginner +
-  - competent +
-  - proficient +
-  - expert +
- +
-**At the novice stage**, nurses have limited knowledge and experience and rely heavily on rules and routines to guide their practice.  +
-As they gain more experience and knowledge, they become **advanced beginners** and are able to apply their knowledge to new situations. At the **competent stage**, nurses have a solid foundation of knowledge and skills and are able to handle more complex situations. +
- +
-**At the proficient stage**, nurses have a deep understanding of the clinical situations they encounter and are able to make complex judgments and decisions. At the **expert stage**, nurses have a high level of skill and knowledge and can anticipate and respond to the needs of patients without conscious effort. +
- +
-The Novice to Expert theory emphasizes the importance of continuing education and professional development to help nurses progress through the stages of practice. It also underlines the importance of mentorship and guidance in the development of nurses as experts. +
- +
-The Novice to Expert model has been widely used in nursing education, practice, and research, and it is considered a valuable tool for evaluating nurses' clinical competence, and designing educational programs for nursing students and practicing nurses. +
- +
-=====Neuman's Systems Model===== +
- +
-Neuman's Systems Model[(neumansystemsmodel>Neuman Systems Model, Inc.[[https://www.neumansystemsmodel.org/betty-neuman|neumansystemsmodel.org]])] +
-[(Neuman>Neuman's Systems Model[[https://nursing-theory.org/theories-and-models/neuman-systems-model.php|nursing-theory.org]])][(ApplicationNeuman>Application of Betty Neuman's System Model[[https://currentnursing.com/nursing_theory/application_Betty_Neuman%27s_model.html|currentnursing.com]])] is a nursing theory developed by Betty Neuman in the 1970s [( :harvard:Neuman2010>> +
-authors   : Neuman, Betty M +
-title     : The Neuman systems model  +
-publisher : Pearson +
-published : 2010, 5th Edition +
-isbn      : 0135142776 +
-url       : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0135142776 +
-)][(neumansystemsmod>The Neuman systems model - Full book[[https://archive.org/details/neumansystemsmod00neum|archive.org]])]. The model focuses on the individual as a whole person and emphasizes the importance of understanding the person in the context of their environment. +
-{{ youtube>K1KGHNCF-pU?small}} +
-The model is based on the concept that the individual is a system made up of various subsystems, such as physical, psychological, social, and spiritual components. The model posits that the individual's health and well-being are influenced by the interactions between these subsystems and the external environment. +
- +
-The model includes three main components: the individual, the environment, and the nursing process. The individual is seen as a unique being with unique needs and characteristics. The environment includes the physical, social, and cultural factors that affect the individual's health. +
- +
-The nursing process includes assessment, diagnosis, planning, implementation, and evaluation. The model emphasizes the importance of assessing the individual's unique needs and characteristics and creating a personalized plan of care to promote health and well-being. +
- +
-Neuman's Systems Model also emphasizes the importance of primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention in maintaining and restoring health. Primary prevention focuses on maintaining health by identifying and reducing risk factors, secondary prevention focuses on early detection and prompt intervention of health problems, and tertiary prevention aims to minimize the effects of chronic or long-term illness. +
- +
-Neuman's Systems Model is widely used in nursing practice, education, and research, and is considered a holistic, person-centered model that promotes health and well-being. It is also considered a useful tool for understanding the complex interactions between the individual, environment, and nursing care. +
- +
-=====Levine's Conservation Model====== +
- +
-Levine's Conservation Model[(Levines_conservation_model_for_nursing>Levine's conservation model for nursing[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levine%27s_conservation_model_for_nursing|Wikipedia]])][(Levines_conservation_model_for_nursing2>Four Conservation Principles of Nursing, created by Myra Estrine Levine[[https://nursing-theory.org/theories-and-models/levine-four-conservation-principles.php|nursing-theory.org]])][(Levines_conservation_model_for_nursin3>Levine's Four Conservation Principles[[https://currentnursing.com/nursing_theory/Levin_four_conservation_principles.html|currentnursing.com]])] is a nursing theory developed by Faye Glenn Levine in the 1980s. The model emphasizes the importance of conservation, which refers to the preservation and maintenance of health, energy, and resources. +
- +
-The model is based on the idea that the individual is a holistic being, made up of physical, psychological, social, and spiritual components. The model posits that health and well-being are maintained through the conservation of these components. +
- +
-The model includes four main components: the individual, the environment, health, and nursing. The individual is seen as a holistic being with unique needs and characteristics. The environment includes the physical, social, and cultural factors that affect the individual's health. Health is defined as a state of balance and harmony among the various components of the individual. +
- +
-The nursing process includes assessment, planning, implementation, and evaluation. The model emphasizes the importance of understanding the individual's unique needs and characteristics and creating a personalized plan of care to promote health and well-being. +
- +
-The Conservation Model is based on 14 conservation principles that can be used to guide nursing practice. These principles include:  +
- +
-  - holistic perspective +
-  - pattern recognition +
-  - stress, adaptation +
-  - conservation of energy +
-  - conservation of structural integrity +
-  - conservation of personal integrity +
-  - conservation of social integrity +
-  - conservation of spiritual integrity +
-  - conservation of self-concept +
-  - conservation of role function +
-  - conservation of life principle +
-  - conservation of growth and development +
-  - conservation of resources +
- +
-Levine's Conservation Model is widely used in nursing practice, education, and research, and is considered a holistic, person-centered model that promotes health and well-being. It is also considered a useful tool for understanding the complex interactions between the individual, environment, and nursing care. +
- +
-=====Roger's Science of Unitary Human Beings=====+
  
-Roger's Science of Unitary Human Beings[(roger-theory-of-unitary-human-beings.>Rogers Theory of Unitary Human Beings[[https://nursing-theory.org/theories-and-models/roger-theory-of-unitary-human-beings.php|nursing-theory.org]])][(unitary_human_beings>Rogers Science of Unitary Human Beings[[https://currentnursing.com/nursing_theory/unitary_human_beings.html|currentnursing.com]])] +**Practice question:** Which decisions can this practitioner make competently, and where are supervision, training or referral needed? Confidence alone is not evidence of competence. This model does not supply an IEMT accreditation system.
- is a nursing theory developed by Martha E. Rogers[(Martha_E._Rogers>Martha E. Rogers[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha_E._Rogers|Wikipedia]])] in the 1970s. The theory emphasizes the holistic nature of the individual and the view of the person as a unitary being.+
  
-The model is based on the idea that the individual is a dynamic and constantly changing energy field that is in a constant process of becoming. It posits that the individual is a unique being with unique needs and characteristics and that health and well-being are maintained through the balance and harmony of the various components of the individual.+===== Neuman's Systems Model =====
  
-The model includes four main components: the individual, the environment, health, and nursing. The individual is seen as a unitary being with unique needs and characteristics. The environment includes the physical, social, and cultural factors that affect the individual's health. Health is defined as a state of balance and harmony among the various components of the individual.+**Betty Neuman** developed the Neuman Systems Model. Note the spelling: Neuman and Margaret Newman are different theorists. Neuman considers a client system in relation to stressors, stability and prevention.
  
-the nursing process includes assessment, planning, implementation, and evaluation. The model emphasizes the importance of understanding the individual's unique needs and characteristics and creating a personalized plan of care to promote health and well-being.+The model includes five interacting variables: physiological, psychological, sociocultural, developmental and spiritual. It distinguishes a flexible line of defence, a normal line of defence and lines of resistance. These should not be renamed as three fixed physical, psychological and social “lines”. Stressors may be intrapersonal, interpersonal or extrapersonal; prevention is considered at primary, secondary and tertiary levels. See [[https://nursology.net/nurse-theories/neumans-systems-model/|Jacqueline Fawcett's account of Neuman's model]] and [[https://www.neumansystemsmodel.org/|Neuman Systems Model, Inc.]]
  
-The Science of Unitary Human Beings is based on the concept of "unitary field experience" which refers to the individual's personal experience of the environment and the self. The model emphasizes the importance of the nurse-patient relationship and the nurse's role in facilitating the individual's innate drive toward health and well-being.+{{:neuman_s_systems_model.jpg?400|The Neuman Systems Model of Nursing}}
  
-Rogers' Science of Unitary Human Beings is widely used in nursing practice, education, and research, and is considered a holistic, person-centered model that promotes health and well-being. It is also considered a useful tool for understanding the complex interactions between the individual, environment, and nursing care.+//Existing diagram credit: Neuman, B. (2005), The Neuman Systems Model of Nursing. The wiki's original caption records educational-use permission from Dr Betty Neuman (2005).//
  
-=====Johnson's Behavioral System Model=====+**Practice question:** Which pressures and resources are inside the person's experience, between people, or in the wider environment? Consider practical and social changes as well as any agreed session work.
  
-Johnson's Behavioral System Model[(HealthBehavioralTheory>Health Behavioral Theory[[https://nursing-theory.org/theories-and-models/johnson-behavior-system-model.php|nursing-theory.org]])][(behavioural_system_model>Johnson's Behaviour System Model[[https://currentnursing.com/nursing_theory/behavioural_system_model.html|currentnursing.com]])] is a nursing theory developed by Dorothy E. Johnson [(Johnson>Dorothy E. Johnson[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_E._Johnson|Wikipedia]])] in the 1970s. The model focuses on the individual as a system made up of multiple interacting subsystems, such as physiological, psychological, and social subsystems. The model emphasizes the importance of understanding the interactions between these subsystems and the environment in order to promote health and well-being.+===== Levine's Conservation Model =====
  
-The model includes three main components: the individual, the environment, and the nursing process. The individual is seen as a holistic being with unique needs and characteristics. The environment includes the physical, social, and cultural factors that affect the individual's health.+**Myra Estrin Levine** developed the Conservation Model. Its four principles concern conservation of energy, structural integrity, personal integrity and social integrity. The author is not “Faye Glenn Levine”; that name confuses different nursing theorists. [[https://nursology.net/nurse-theories/levines-conservation-model/|Fawcett's account of Levine's model]] includes the original publications and an interview with Levine.
  
-The Behavioral System Model posits that the individual's health and well-being are influenced by the interactions between their various subsystems and the environment. It also posits that the individual has the innate ability to maintain balance and harmony among their subsystems, but that this ability can be affected by environmental stressors.+**Practice question:** How can the plan respect the person's physical capacity, dignity, autonomy and social relationships? For example, agree session demands that fit the person's available energy and responsibilities.
  
-The model is based on the concept of "goal attainment" which refers to the individual's ability to achieve their goals related to health and well-being. It also posits that the individual's perception of the environment, and their ability to cope with stressors, play a major role in their ability to achieve their goals.+===== Rogers' Science of Unitary Human Beings =====
  
-Johnson's Behavioral System Model is widely used in nursing practice, education, and research, and is considered a holistic, person-centered model that promotes health and well-being. It is also considered a useful tool for understanding the complex interactions between the individual, environment, and nursing care.+**Martha E. Rogers** describes people and their environments as irreducible wholes in continuous mutual process. Her conceptual vocabulary includes energy fields, openness, pattern and pandimensionality. This is a particular theoretical account of nursing; its terminology should not be treated as a measurement of physical energy or as proof of an IEMT mechanism. See [[https://nursology.net/nurse-theories/rogers-science-of-unitary-human-beings/|Fawcett's account and interview with Rogers]].
  
-=====Parse's Human Becoming Theory=====+**Practice question:** What is missed if the practitioner considers only an isolated symptom? Explore the wider pattern of daily life while keeping any causal explanation provisional.
  
-Parse's Human Becoming Theory[(parse-human-becoming-theory>Parse's Human Becoming Theory[[https://nursing-theory.org/theories-and-models/parse-human-becoming-theory.php|nursing-theory.org]])][(Rosemary_Pars_Human_Becoming_Theory>Human Becoming Theory by Rosemarie Rizzo Parse[[https://currentnursing.com/nursing_theory/Rosemary_Pars_Human_Becoming_Theory.html|currentnursing.com]])], also known as the Theory of Human Becoming, is a nursing theory developed by Rosemarie Rizzo Parse in the 1980s. The theory emphasizes the importance of understanding the individual's unique experience of the world and the meaning they attach to it, in order to promote health and well-being.+===== Johnson's Behavioural System Model =====
  
-The model is based on the idea that the individual is a holistic being, made up of physical, psychological, social, and spiritual components. The model posits that health and well-being are maintained through the balance and harmony of these components and that the individual's unique experience of the world and the meaning they attach to it play a major role in this balance.+**Dorothy E. Johnson** views the person as a behavioural system. The model identifies seven subsystems: attachment/affiliative, dependency, ingestive, eliminative, sexual, aggressive/protective and achievement. These are not a three-part physical, psychological and social classification. See [[https://nursology.net/nurse-theories/johnson-behavioral-system-model/|Fawcett's account and interview with Johnson]].
  
-The model includes four main components: the individual, the environment, health, and nursing. The individual is seen as a holistic being with unique needs and characteristics. The environment includes the physical, social, and cultural factors that affect the individual's health. Health is defined as a state of balance and harmony among the various components of the individual.+**Practice question:** Which recurring behaviours affect the person's goals and everyday functioning? Use selected concepts only where relevant and acceptable to the person; the model is not a requirement to ask about every intimate area in an IEMT session.
  
-The nursing process includes assessment, planning, implementation, and evaluation. The model emphasizes the importance of understanding the individual's unique needs and characteristics and creating a personalized plan of care to promote health and well-being.+===== Parse's Human Becoming Theory =====
  
-The Human Becoming Theory is based on the concept of "human becoming" which refers to the individual's unique experience of the world and the meaning they attach to it. The model emphasizes the importance of the nurse-patient relationship and the nurse's role in facilitating the individual's innate drive toward health and well-being.+**Rosemarie Rizzo Parse's Humanbecoming theory** centres on meaning, rhythmicity and transcendence, with quality of life understood from the person's perspective. The practitioner's presence and dialogue are central to its approach. See [[https://nursology.net/nurse-theories/parses-theory-of-humanbecoming/|Fawcett's account of Parse's theory and primary publications]].
  
-Parse's Human Becoming Theory is widely used in nursing practice, education, and research, and is considered a holistic, person-centered model that promotes health and well-being. It is also considered a useful tool for understanding the complex interactions between the individual, environment, and nursing care.+**Practice question:** What does a worthwhile change mean to this person? Do not assume that a lower symptom rating is their only or most important outcome.
  
-=====Orlando's Patient-centered Nursing Theory=====+===== Orlando's Patient-Centred Nursing Theory =====
  
-Orlando's Patient-centered Nursing Theory[(orlando-nursing-process-discipline-theory>Orlando's Nursing Process Discipline Theory[[https://nursing-theory.org/theories-and-models/orlando-nursing-process-discipline-theory.php|nursing-theory.org]])][(OrlandoMursingProcess>Orlando's Nursing Process Theory[[https://currentnursing.com/nursing_theory/Orlando_nursing_process.html|currentnursing.com]])][(Nursing_process>Nursing process[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nursing_process|Wikipedia]])] +**Ida Jean Orlando's Deliberative Nursing Process** focuses on the person's immediate need for help and on checking the nurse's interpretation of the person's behaviour. It distinguishes the nurse's perception, thought and feeling from an action deliberately informed by the interaction. See [[https://nursology.net/nurse-theories/orlandos-theory-of-the-deliberative-nursing-process/|Fawcett's account and interview with Orlando]].
-, also known as the "Deliberative Nursing Process" theory, is a nursing theory developed by Ida Jean Orlando in the 1950s. The theory emphasizes the importance of understanding the individual's unique needs and characteristics and creating a personalized plan of care to promote health and well-being.+
  
-The model is based on the idea that the individual is a holistic being, made up of physical, psychological, social, and spiritual components. The model posits that health and well-being are maintained through the balance and harmony of these components, and that the individual's unique needs and characteristics play a major role in this balance.+**Practice question:** Have I checked what this response means to the person before acting on my interpretation? For example: “I noticed you became quiet. What is happening for you now?” The question leaves the meaning open.
  
-The Orlando's Patient-centered Nursing Theory is widely used in nursing practice, education, and research, and is considered a holistic, person-centered model that promotes health and well-being. It is also considered a useful tool for understanding the complex interactions between the individual, environment, and nursing care.+===== Using Models Alongside Roy =====
  
 +Roy provides the organising framework developed in this wiki. Additional models can prompt useful questions, but their concepts should retain their original meanings and be labelled when adapted. A model is useful here when it improves a concrete decision, makes an assumption visible, or helps review an agreed outcome.
  
 +^ Planning task ^ Possible contribution ^
 +| Identify the person's priorities | Parse: the person's meaning of quality of life. |
 +| Examine barriers and resources | Pender: perceived benefits, barriers and confidence; Neuman: stressors and resources. |
 +| Choose a proportionate plan | Levine: capacity, dignity and social integrity; Benner: practitioner competence. |
 +| Check an interpretation | Orlando: clarify the person's immediate need before acting. |
 +| Review the wider pattern | Newman and Rogers: experience in the context of relationships and environment; Johnson: recurring behaviour. |
  
 +These are editorial suggestions for reflective practice. They do not demonstrate clinical effectiveness. Record the rationale for a decision and the person's subsequent experience using [[adaptive_formulation|Adaptive Formulation]], [[treatment_plans|Treatment Plans]] and [[governing_principles|Governing Principles]].
  
 +{{tag>Related nursing model}}
  
  • Last modified: 2023/01/22 16:16
  • by tom